Fístula enterocutánea: un enfoque desde las generalidades y el estado nutricional / Enterocutaneous fistula: An approach based on generalities and nutritional status

Introducción. Una fístula es una conexión anormal entre dos superficies epitelizadas. Cerca del 80 % de las fístulas entero-cutáneas son de origen iatrogénico secundarias a cirugía, y un menor porcentaje se relacionan con traumatismos, malignidad, enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal o isquemia. La morbilidad y las complicaciones asociadas pueden ser significativas, como la desnutrición, en la que intervienen múltiples factores. Métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura en las bases de datos de PubMed, Google Scholar y SciELO, utilizando las palabras claves descritas y se seleccionaron los artículos más relevantes de los últimos años. Resultados. La clasificación de las fístulas se basa en su anatomía, su gasto o secreción diaria y su localización. Existe una tríada clásica de las complicaciones: sepsis, desnutrición y anomalías electrolíticas. El control del gasto de la fístula, el drenaje adecuado de las colecciones y la terapia antibiótica son claves en el manejo precoz de estos pacientes. Los estudios recientes hacen hincapié en que la sepsis asociada con la desnutrición son las principales causas de mortalidad. Conclusiones. Esta condición representa una de las complicaciones de más difícil y prolongado tratamiento en cirugía abdominal y colorrectal, y se relaciona con importantes tasas de morbilidad, mortalidad y altos costos para el sistema de salud. Es necesario un tratamiento multidisciplinario basado en la reanimación con líquidos, el control de la sepsis, el soporte nutricional y el cuidado de la herida, entre otros factores.

Introduction. A fistula is an abnormal connection between two epithelialized surfaces. About 80% of enterocutaneous fistulas are of iatrogenic origin secondary to surgery, and a smaller percentage are related to trauma, malignancy, inflammatory bowel disease or ischemia. The associated morbidity and complications can be significant, such as malnutrition, in which multiple factors intervene. Methods. A literature search was carried out in the PubMed, Google Scholar and SciELO databases using the keywords described and the most relevant articles from recent years were selected. Results. The classification of fistulas is based on their anatomy, their daily secretion output, and their location. There is a classic triad of complications: sepsis, malnutrition and electrolyte abnormalities. Control of fistula output, adequate drainage of the collections and antibiotic therapy are key to the early management of these patients. Recent studies emphasize that sepsis associated with malnutrition are the main causes of mortality. Conclusions. This condition represents one of the most difficult and prolonged complications to treat in abdominal and colorectal surgery, and is related to significant rates of morbidity, mortality and high costs for the health system. Multidisciplinary treatment based on fluid resuscitation, sepsis control, nutritional support, and wound care, among other factors, is necessary.

Manejo de perforaciones, fugas y fístulas del tracto gastrointestinal con clip sobre el endoscopio. Experiencia de un centro oncológico Latinoamericano / Management of perforations, leaks and fistulas of the gastrointestinal tract with over the scope clip. Experience at a Latin American cancer center

Introducción. Las fístulas derivadas de enfermedades neoplásicas del tracto digestivo, así como las fugas posteriores a procedimientos quirúrgicos, no son infrecuentes y ocasionan una morbilidad importante cuando se manejan de forma quirúrgica. También durante los procedimientos endoscópicos se pueden presentar perforaciones y, si se logra un manejo no operatorio, se alcanza una adecuada recuperación. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir las características clínicas y los resultados de los pacientes con perforaciones, fístulas y fugas del tracto gastrointestinal, manejadas endoscópicamente con clip sobre el endoscopio. Métodos. Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, de pacientes con perforación, fuga o fístula postoperatoria, llevados a endoscopía digestiva con colocación de clip sobre el endoscopio, en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología en Bogotá, D.C., Colombia, entre enero de 2016 y abril de 2020. Resultados. Se incluyeron 21 pacientes, 52,4 % de ellos mujeres. La mediana de edad fue de 66 años y del diámetro del defecto fue de 9 mm. En el 95 % se logró éxito técnico. Hubo éxito clínico temprano en el 85,7 % de los casos. El 76,1 % de los pacientes permanecieron sin síntomas a los 3 meses de seguimiento. Conclusiones. El manejo de perforaciones, fugas y fístulas con clip sobre el endoscopio parece ser factible y seguro. En la mayoría de estos pacientes se logró la liberación del clip y la identificación endoscópica del cierre inmediatamente después del procedimiento; sin embargo, en el caso de las fístulas, no se alcanzó el éxito clínico tardío en todos los casos

Introduction. Fistula of the digestive tract derived from neoplastic diseases as well as leaks following surgical procedures are not uncommon and usually cause significant morbidity when are managed surgically. Diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopic procedures may present perforations during their performance; if they are managed non-operatively, an adequate recovery is obtained. The purpose of this study was to describe the clinical characteristics and the short- and long-term outcomes of patients with perforations, fistulas and leaks of the gastrointestinal tract managed endoscopically with over the scope clip (OTSC). Methods. Descriptive, retrospective study of patients brought to digestive endoscopy with OTSC placement with diagnosis of postoperative perforation, leak or fistula at the National Cancer Institute in Bogota, Colombia, between January 2016 and April 2020. Results. Twenty-one patients were taken for OTSC application for the management of perforations, leaks and fistulas of the gastrointestinal tract, 52.4% of them were women. The median age was 66 years. The median diameter of the defect was 9 mm. Technical success was achieved in 95%. Early clinical success was described in 85.7% of the cases; 76.1% of patients remained symptom-free at 3-month follow-up. Conclusions. Management of perforations, leaks and fistulas with OTSC appears to be feasible and safe. In most of these patients, clip release and endoscopic identification of closure was achieved immediately after management; however, in the case of fistulas, late clinical success was not achieved in all cases

Adipose tissue-derived stem cells as a therapeutic strategy for enterocutaneous fistula: an experimental model study

ABSTRACT Purpose: Enterocutaneous fistula (ECF) is a condition in which there is an abnormal connection between the intestinal tract and the skin. It can lead to high morbidity and mortality rates despite the availability of therapeutic options. Stem cells have emerged as a potential strategy to treat ECF. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASC) on ECF in an experimental model. Methods: ECF was induced in 21 Wistar rats, and after one month, they were divided into three groups: control group (C), culture medium without ASC group (CM), and allogeneic ASC group (ASC). After 30 days, the animals underwent macroscopic analysis of ECF diameter and histopathological analysis of inflammatory cells, tissue fibrosis, and vascular density. Results: The study found a 55% decrease in the ECF diameter in the ASC group (4.5 ± 1.4 mm) compared to the control group (10.0 ± 2.1 mm, p = 0.001) and a 59.1% decrease in the CM group (11.0 ± 4.3 mm, p = 0.003). The fibrosis score in the ASC group was 20.9% lower than the control group (p = 0.03). There were no significant differences in inflammation scores among the three groups. Conclusions: This study suggests that ASC treatment can reduce ECF diameter, and reduction in tissue fibrosis may be a related mechanism. Further studies are needed to understand the underlying mechanisms fully.

Surgical treatment of duodenal fistula with intra-abdominal infection / 中华普通外科杂志

Object:To explore surgical treatments for duodenal fistula with intra-abdominal infection.Methods:The data of 19 patients with duodenal fistula treated at the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhenzhou University between Jan 2015 and Dec 2021 were analyzed retrospectively. Surgery is performed with duodenostomy or modified duodenal shunt procedures.Result:All patients were accompanied by intra-abdominal infection, including 9 duodenal stump fistulas. All patients successfully completed the operation,11cases underwent duodenostomy, 8 case underwent modified duodenal shunt procedures. operating time was 110(60-140)min, postoperative hospitalization time was 29(9-103)d. Two patients died postoperatively. Fistula heals in other patients.Conclusion:Surgical intervention for duodenal fistula should focus on controlling the source of infection, strengthening intestinal and abdominal drainage, and reducing postoperative complications.

Rotura de Pseudoaneurisma tras Pancreatitis Aguda Necrotizante que debuta como Hemorragia Digestiva Alta por Fistulización del Duodeno

Presentamos el caso de un varón de 64 años quien, tras un primer episodio de pancreatitis aguda necrotizante, reingresa a los 20 días por cuadro de dolor epigástrico intenso y posteriormente episodio de hemorragia digestiva alta en forma de hematemesis y melenas con inestabilización hemodinámica. Se realiza en ese momento gastroscopia urgente objetivándose probable fistula gastrointestinal en bulbo duodenal con coágulo adherido sin sangrado activo en ese momento por lo que se realiza angio-TC urgente que revela colección peripancreática necrótica con presencia de sangrado activo en su interior, procedente de la arteria pancreatoduodenal. La arteriografía urgente identificó imagen compatible con pseudoaneurisma arterial dependiente de la rama de arteria pancreatoduodenal, que fue embolizada con éxito. Desgraciadamente el paciente falleció en las horas posteriores, como consecuencia de un shock séptico secundario a colección pancreática infectada.

We present the case of a 64-year-old man who, after a first episode of acute pancreatitis, was readmitted 20 days later due to severe epigastric pain and later an episode of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the form of hematemesis and melena with hemodynamic instability. An urgent gastroscopy was performed at that time, revealing a probable gastrointestinal fistula in the duodenal bulb with an adherent clot without active bleeding at that time, so an urgent CT angiography was performed that revealed a necrotic peripancreatic collection with the presence of active bleeding inside from the pancreatoduodenal artery. Urgent arteriography identified an image compatible with arterial pseudoaneurysm dependent on the pancreaticoduodenal artery branch, which was successfully embolized. Unfortunately, the patient died a few hours later as a result of septic shock secondary to an infected pancreatic collection.

Cuidados de enfermería en pacientes con abdomen abierto y fístulas enterocutáneas / Nursing Care of Patients with Open Abdomen and Enterocutaneous Fistulas / Cuidados de enfermagem em pacientes com abdome aberto e fístulas enterocutâneas

Introducción. Una de las principales intervenciones que realiza el profesional de enfermería es el cuidado de las heridas, su finalidad es evitar posibles complicaciones y estimular la cicatrización del tejido lesionado. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar las intervenciones de enfermería realizadas en pacientes con abdomen abierto y fístulas enterocutáneas mediante la revisión de literatura. Metodología. Se realizó una revisión narrativa en un lapso de 10 meses. Las bases de datos utilizadas fueron: PubMed, ScienceDirect, ClinicalKey, MEDLINE, SciELO y Ovid. Se realizó revisión de 50 artículos que cumplían con el objetivo de la revisión. Resultados. Se encontraron cuidados de enfermería relacionados con los cuidados básicos y específicos en pacientes con abdomen abierto y en fístulas enterocutáneas. Discusión. Diversos autores coinciden en que el uso de la Bolsa de Bogotá, es una de las intervenciones de enfermería más utilizadas para las heridas de abdomen abierto, la medición intraabdominal, que permite la identificación precoz del Síndrome Compartimental Abdominal, y el mantenimiento del objetivo nutricional en pacientes con fístulas enterocutáneas, permiten una recuperación exitosa. Conclusiones. Se pudo determinar que existen diversos cuidados de enfermería que deben considerarse en el manejo del abdomen abierto y de las fístulas enterocutáneas, todos estos cuidados permiten que el personal de enfermería tenga un soporte científico útil en el momento de brindar un cuidado a los pacientes con estas condiciones de salud. Esto, con el fin de evitar o disminuir los riesgos de deshidratación, desequilibrio hidroelectrolítico, desnutrición, sepsis e incluso la muerte.

Introduction. One of the main interventions carried out by nursing professionals is the care of wounds. Its purpose is to avoid possible complications and stimulate the scarring of the wounded tissue. The objective of this investigation was to determine the nursing interventions carried out in patients with open abdomens and enterocutaneous fistulas via a literature review. Methodology. A narrative review was carried out over 10 months. The databases used were: PubMed, ScienceDirect, ClinicalKey, MEDLINE, SciELO, and Ovid. Fifty articles that met the objective of the review were used. Results. Nursing care related to basic and specific care in patients with open abdomens and enterocutaneous fistulas was found. Discussion. Different authors agree on the use of the Bogotá Bag, is one of the most used nursing interventions for open abdominal wounds, intraabdominal measurement, which allows for early identification of Abdominal Compartment Syndrome, and maintenance of nutritional objectives in patients with enterocutaneous fistulas allow for successful recovery. Conclusions. We could determine that there are different types of nursing care that must be considered in the handling of open abdomen and enterocutaneous fistulas. All these types of care allow for nursing staff to have a useful scientific support when providing care to patients with these health conditions. This is in order to avoid or reduce the risks of dehydration, hydroelectrolytic imbalance, malnutrition, sepsis, and even death.

Introdução. Uma das principais intervenções realizadas pelo profissional de enfermagem é o cuidado de feridas, sua finalidade é evitar possíveis complicações e estimular a cicatrização do tecido lesado. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi determinar as intervenções de enfermagem realizadas em pacientes com abdome aberto e fístulas enterocutâneas por meio de uma revisão de literatura. Metodologia. Foi realizada uma revisão narrativa durante um período de 10 meses. As bases de dados utilizadas foram: PubMed, ScienceDirect, ClinicalKey, MEDLINE, SciELO e Ovid. Foi realizada uma revisão de 50 artigos que atenderam ao objetivo da revisão. Resultados. Foram encontrados cuidados de enfermagem relacionados aos cuidados básicos e específicos em pacientes com abdome aberto e fístulas enterocutâneas. Discussão. Vários autores concordam que o uso da Bolsa de Bogotá, é uma das intervenções de enfermagem mais utilizadas para feridas abertas abdominais; a medida intra-abdominal, que permite a identificação precoce da Síndrome do Compartimento Abdominal; e a manutenção do objetivo nutricional nos pacientes com fístulas enterocutâneas, permitem uma recuperação bem sucedida. Conclusões. Foi possível determinar que existem diversos cuidados de enfermagem que devem ser considerados no manejo de abdome aberto e fístulas enterocutâneas, todos esses cuidados permitem que a equipe de enfermagem tenha um apoio científico útil no momento de prestar cuidados aos pacientes com estas condições de saúde. Isso, a fim de evitar ou reduzir os riscos de desidratação, desequilíbrio hidroeletrolítico, desnutrição, sepse e até mesmo a morte.

Trastorno grave del medio interno por fístula enterovesical, a propósito de un caso clínico / Severe metabolic disorder associated with an enterovesical fistula: report of one case

Enterovesical fistula (EVF) is a fistulous communication between the intestine and the bladder. It is uncommon and its classic clinical manifestations are the presence of pneumaturia, fecaluria, suprapubic pain and recurrent urinary infections. Surgical repair of EVF leads to rapid correction of both diarrhea and metabolic abnormalities. We report a 73-year-old diabetic woman with a neurogenic bladder secondary to a spine meningioma. She presented with diarrhea, vomiting, impaired consciousness and metabolic acidosis. She developed hypernatremia, hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, and hypophosphatemia, which were successfully corrected.

Clinical efficacy and prognostic influencing factors of open abdomen technique for acute pancreatitis with abdominal compartment syndrome / 中华消化外科杂志

Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy and prognostic influencing factors of open abdomen technique for acute pancreatitis with abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS).Methods:The retrospective cohort study was conducted. The clinical data of 186 patients of acute pancreatitis with ACS who were admitted to 6 hospitals, including 65 cases in the 910th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese People′s Liberation Army, 46 cases in the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 33 cases in the Fujian Provincial Hospital, 31 cases in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 7 cases in the People′s Hospital Affiliated to Quanzhou Medical College, 4 cases in the Shishi General Hospital, from January 2013 to December 2020 were collected. There were 142 males and 44 females, aged (43±8)years. Observation indica-tors: (1) patients conditions after being treatment with open abdomen technique; (2) analysis of clinical characteristics in patients with different treatment outcomes; (3) changing trend of the volume of urine output, levels of lactic acid, levels of enteral nutrient intake and the sequential organ failure score in patients with different treatment outcomes; (4) influencing factors for prognosis of patients. Measurement data with normal distribution were represented as Mean± SD, and compari-son between groups was analyzed using the t test. Measurement data with skewed distribution were represented as M( Q1, Q3), and comparison between groups was analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test. Count data were described as absolute numbers, and comparison between groups was analyzed using the chi-square test or the continuity correction chi-square test. Repeated measurement data were analyzed using the repeated ANOVA. Spearman correlation analysis was used for correlation analyses. The COX regression model was used for univariate analysis and COX regression model with forward regression was used for multivariate analysis. Results:(1) Patients conditions after being treatment with open abdomen technique. Intra-abdominal pressure, oxygena-tion index, levels of lactic acid and sequential organ failure score of the 186 patients were (23.3±1.9)mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa), (121±24)mmHg, (5.0±3.4)mmol/L and 10.4±3.6 before the treatment with open abdomen technique and (11.2±2.9)mmHg, (222±38)mmHg, (3.2±2.1)mmol/L and 4.4±2.3 at postoperative 168 hours, showing significant differences in time effects before and after the treatment ( Ftime=855.26,208.50, 174.91,208.47, P<0.05). (2) Analysis of clinical characteristics in patients with different treatment outcomes. Of the 186 patients, 166 cases survived and were discharged, and 20 cases died during hospitalization. Age, sequential organ failure score, duration of ACS and levels of lactic acid during hospitalization before the treatment with open abdomen technique were (41±7)years, 9.4±3.4, 13(10,21)hours and (4.2±0.6)mmol/L in surviving patients, versus (45±6)years, 11.5±2.4, 65(39,84)hours and (5.2±0.5)mmol/L in dead patients, respectively, showing significant differences between them ( t=-2.10, -2.71, Z=-5.36, t=-7.16, P<0.05). Duration of postoperative acute gastro-intestinal injury, duration of continuous renal replacement therapy, time to liberation from mech-anical ventilation, duration of vasoactive drugs therapy, cases undergoing early abdominal closure, cases without intestinal fistula or with postoperative high-order intestinal fistula and low-order intestinal fistula during hospitalization after the treatment with open abdomen technique were 4(2,6)days, 4(3,7)days, 34(21,41)days, 3(2,6)days, 126, 131, 23, 12 in surviving patients, versus 13(10,17)days, 10(8,18)days, 0(0,3)days, 8(6,12)days, 1, 2, 15, 3 in dead patients, respectively, showing significant differences between them ( Z=-5.60, -3.75, -3.64, -3.06, χ2=41.43, 45.86, P<0.05). (3) Changing trend of the volume of urine output, levels of lactic acid, levels of enteral nutrient intake and the sequential organ failure score in patients with different treatment outcomes. The volume of urine output, levels of lactic acid, levels of enteral nutrient intake and the sequential organ failure score in surviving patients during hospitalization were (0.29±0.10)mL/(kg·h), (4.2±0.6)mmol/L, 0.0 kcal/(kg·d) and 9.4±3.4 before the treatment with open abdomen technique and (2.22±0.15)mL/(kg·h), (1.9±0.7)mmol/L, (20.7±2.9)kcal/(kg·d) and 3.7±2.2 at postoperative 168 hours. The above indicators in dead patients during hospitalization were (0.28±0.08)mL/(kg·h), (5.2±0.5)mmol/L, 0.0kcal/(kg·d) and 11.5±2.4 before the treatment with open abdomen technique and (0.28±0.09)mL/(kg·h), (7.7±0.8)mmol/L, (4.6±1.8)kcal/(kg·d) and 12.4±2.1 at postoperative 168 hours. There were significant differences in time effects in the above indicators in surviving patients and dead patients before and after the treatment with open abdomen technique ( Ftime=425.57, 188.59, 394.84, 37.52, P<0.05). There were interactive effects between the above indicators and the treatment outcome at different time points ( Finteraction=383.14, 233.04, 169.83, 36.61, P<0.05). There were signifi-cant differences in the change trends of the above indicators between the surviving patients and the dead patients during hospitalization ( Fgouprs=2 739.56, 877.98, 542.05, 240.85, P<0.05). (4) Influen-cing factors for prognosis of patients. Results of univariate analysis showed that age, sequential organ failure score, duration of ACS before surgery, procalcitonin, lactic acid, postoperative high-order intestinal fistula, abdominal hemorrhage, duration of postoperative acute gastrointestinal injury, duration of continuous renal replacement therapy, duration of vasoactive drugs therapy, early abdominal closure were related factors influencing prognosis of patients under-going treatment with open abdomen technique ( hazard ratio=1.07, 1.18, 1.39, 1.16, 8.25, 12.26, 2.83, 1.29, 1.56, 1.41, 0.02, 95% confidence interval as 1.00-1.15, 1.45-2.27, 1.22-1.57, 1.02-1.32, 1.75-38.90, 7.37-41.23, 1.16-6.93, 1.22-1.37, 1.23-1.99, 1.08-1.84, 0.00-0.16, P<0.05). Results of multivariate analysis showed that extended duration of ACS before surgery, postoperative high-order intestinal fistula and extended duration of postoperative acute gastrointestinal injury were independent risk factors influencing prognosis of patients undergoing treatment with open abdomen technique ( hazard ratio=1.05, 7.95, 1.17, 95% confidence interval as 1.01-1.32, 2.05-30.87, 1.13-1.95, P<0.05) and early abdominal closure was an independent protective factor ( hazard ratio=0.10, 95% confidence interval as 0.01-0.89, P<0.05). Results of Spearman correlation analysis showed that duration of ACS was positively correlated with sequential organ failure score before surgery ( r=0.71, P<0.05). Conclusions:Open abdomen technique is effective for acute pancreatitis with ACS. Extended duration of ACS before surgery, postoperative high-order intestinal fistula and extended duration of postoperative acute gastrointestinal injury are independent risk factors for prognosis of patients during hospitalization and early abdominal closure is an independent protective factor.

The types and surgical treatments of complex intestinal fistula after radiotherapy for cervical cancer / 中华普通外科杂志

Objective:To investigate the types, surgical treatments of complex intestinal fistula after radiotherapy for cervical cancer.Methods:The clinical data and treatment of 26 patients with complex intestinal fistula after radiotherapy for cervical cancer at Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University from Jan 2013 to Jan 2020 were reviewed .Results:Eleven patients were with recto-vaginal fistula, 1 patient with sigmoido-vesical fistula, 5 patients with combined rectal, vaginal and vesical fistula, 7 patients with low rectal fistula and peripheral infection, and 2 patients with ileo-vaginal stump fistula after radical resection of cervical cancer and adjuvant radiotherapy. All patients were underwent the surgery, including 9 patients for total pelvic or posterior pelvic resection, 6 patients for rectum or sigmoid colectomy, bladder or vaginal repair, 7 patients were done for Hartmann surgery, and 1 patient underwent segmental resection, enteroanastomosis and vaginal repair, 3 patients for transverse colostomy or proximal ileostomy. No major postoperative complications occurred . The symptoms of intestinal fistula in all patients were dissolved, and the perineal pain was significantly relieved in 23 patients. The symptoms of ileal fistula reccurred in 2 patients within 1 year after operation, and there was no mortality.Conclusions:The rectal related intestinal fistula is the most common complex intestinal fistula after radical radiotherapy for cervical cancer. The point of surgical treatment is to remove the diseased rectum or ileum.

Caracterización clínica, endoscópica e histológica de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal

Introducción: La enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal es un padecimiento crónico de causa multifactorial, en los últimos años se ha incrementado el número de casos diagnosticados, por lo que su enfoque clínico-endoscópico e histopatológico es de vital importancia para proveer atención integral a los pacientes. Objetivo: Caracterizar clínica-endoscópica e histopatológicamente la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional transversal, el universo estuvo constituido por 78 pacientes diagnosticados con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal y la muestra quedó conformada por 54 pacientes. La información fue recogida en formulario a propósito de la investigación. Resultados: Predominaron los pacientes con edad de 50 años o más. Primó el sexo femenino y el color de la piel blanca. El síntoma cardinal más frecuente fue la diarrea y el tiempo de evolución que primó fue de cuatro a seis meses. La localización más frecuente de las lesiones fue el colon izquierdo y primó la colitis ulcerativa como principal variante. Predominó la mucosa de aspecto granular y las lesiones continuas en los rasgos endoscópicos, así como la distorsión de criptas y la inflamación de la lámina propia dentro de la histología. Sobresalió como principal complicación la fístula y de estos casos la mayoría requirió tratamiento quirúrgico. Conclusiones: Mayor afectación a pacientes de mediana edad, sexo femenino y de raza blanca. Principal síntoma asociado es la diarrea. Variante con mayor superioridad es la colitis ulcerativa. Adecuada correlación clínico-endoscópica e histopatológica. Las principales complicaciones encontradas fueron los trayectos fistulosos y la estenosis intestinal que requirieron en su mayoría tratamiento quirúrgico.

Introduction: Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic disease of multifactorial etiology that in recent years has increased the number of diagnosed cases, so the clinical-endoscopic and histopathological approach is of vital importance to provide comprehensive care to patients. Objective: To characterize the inflammatory bowel disease clinical-endoscopic and histopathologically. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was carried out. The universe was composed of 78 patients diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease and the sample was made up of 54 patients. The data obtained from biopsy ballots were collected in a form. Results: Patients aged between 50 and 69 years old predominated. Female sex and white skin color prevailed. The cardinal symptom that predominated was diarrhea followed by enterorrhagia and the time of evolution that prevailed was 4 to 6 months. The most frequent location of the lesions was the left colon and ulcerative colitis predominated as the main variant. Continuous lesions and granular appearance of the mucosa predominated in endoscopic features, while in histological features crypt distortion and inflammatory infiltrate of the same layer prevailed. Among the complications, the fistula stood out and most of these patients required surgical treatment. Conclusions: Greater affectation in middle ages, female and white skin color patients. The main associated symptom is diarrhea. The most common variant was ulcerative colitis. Adequate clinical-endoscopic and histopathological correlation was evidenced. The main complication was the fistulous tracts and intestinal stenosis, that mostly require surgical treatment.

Fístula colovesical secundaria a diverticulitis complicada: tratamiento laparoscópico. Reporte de caso / Colovesical fistula secondary to complicated diverticulitis, laparoscopic treatment. A case report

Resumen Introducción: La fístula colovesical es la unión entre la vejiga y el intestino grueso, se presenta en el 2% de los pacientes con enfermedad diverticular del colon, genera síntomas como neumaturia y fecaluria, asociados a infecciones urinarias recurrentes. Los pacientes se diagnostican mediante estudios imagenológicos y su tratamiento generalmente es quirúrgico. Objetivo: Reportar el caso de tratamiento laparoscópico de paciente con fístula colovesical secundaria a diverticulitis complicada. Caso clínico: Se presenta el caso de un paciente masculino de 69 años, con antecedente de enfermedad diverticular, cursando con infección de vías urinarias recurrentes, fecaluria y neumaturia. La cistoscopia no mostró trayecto fistuloso y la tomografía abdominopélvica mostró hallazgos inflamatorios y fístula colovesical asociada a diverticulitis complicada. Durante procedimiento laparoscópico se encuentra absceso pericólico sin evidencia del trayecto fistuloso, se realizó drenaje, sutura del colon e interposición del epiplón, sin resección intestinal. Paciente con adecuada evolución postoperatoria con egreso al sexto día. El objetivo del tratamiento quirúrgico se centra en el control de complicaciones generadas por los divertículos, en este caso, la fístula colovesical. Conclusiones: El procedimiento laparoscópico es de mínima invasión, no presenta la morbilidad que implica una resección de colon o una colostomía y se asocia con una recuperación funcional más rápida.

Abstract Introduction: The colovesical fistula is a junction between the urinary bladder and the large intestine. It occurs in 2% of patients with diverticular disease of the colon and generates symptoms such as pneumaturia and fecaluria associated with recurrent urinary tract infections. The patients are diagnosed by imaging studies and their treatment is usually surgical. Objective: To report the laparoscopic treatment administered to a patient that presented a case of colovesical fistula secondary to severe diverticulitis. Case report: The case of a 69-year-old male patient with a medical record of diverticular disease, who presented recurrent urinary tract infection, fecaluria, and pneumaturia is presented. The cystoscopy procedure showed no signs of anal fistula, and the abdominopelvic tomography showed signals of inflammations and colovesical fistula associated with complicated diverticulitis. During the laparoscopic procedure, a pericolic abscess was found without evidence of anal fistula. Drainage and suture of the colon and omentum interposition were performed without presenting intestinal resection. The patient had an adequate postoperative recovery and was discharged on the sixth day. The aim of this surgical treatment is focused on the control of medical complications caused by diverticulitis, in this case, colovesical fistula. Conclusions: This procedure is minimally invasive, and it is associated with a faster functional recovery since it does not present the morbidity of a colon resection or colostomy.

Nueva técnica para control de contaminación de fístulas entero atmosféricas en abdomen abierto Björck 4. Método de Capilaridad (MECA) / New technique to control enterocutaneous fistulas contamination in open abdomen Björck 4. Capillarity method (MECA)

Introducción. La fístula enteroatmosférica es una patología compleja que puede ser el resultado de múltiples intervenciones quirúrgicas de la cavidad abdominal. Describimos una nueva técnica para el control de la contaminación en pacientes con fístulas enteroatmosféricas en abdomen abierto Björck 4.Métodos. Se realizó un análisis retrospectivo de cuatro pacientes con fístulas enteroatmosféricas desarrolladas como complicación de procedimientos quirúrgicos abdominales. Se trataron integralmente por un grupo multidisciplinario de Cuidados Intensivos, Cirugía general, Soporte nutricional y Cuidado de heridas y ostomías. Se utilizó una novedosa técnica quirúrgica basada en el principio de capilaridad para mantener limpios los tejidos periostomales. Resultados. Con esta técnica se logró el control de la contaminación abdominal en todos los pacientes y una evo-lución clínica satisfactoria. Posteriormente se programaron para cierre quirúrgico definitivo con éxito. Conclusiones. El manejo de la fístula enteroatmosférica representa un reto para el cirujano y el grupo multidisciplinario que trata al paciente. Esta nueva técnica utilizada en pacientes con fístula enteroatmosférica con abdomen abierto Björck 4 se basa en el principio de capilaridad, y es eficaz en el control de la contaminación, infección y de la sepsis asociada.

Introduction. Enterocutaneous fistula is a complex pathology that can be the result of multiple surgical interventions of the abdominal cavity. We describe a new technique for the control of contamination in patients with enterocutaneous fistulas in the open abdomen Björck 4. Methods. A retrospective analysis of four patients with enterocutaneous fistulas developed as a complication of abdominal surgical procedures was performed. They were treated by a multidisciplinary team of Intensive Care, General Surgery, Nutritional support and Wound and ostomy care. A novel surgical technique based on the capillarity principle was used to keep the periostomies tissues clean. Results. With this technique, control of abdominal contamination was achieved in all patients and a satisfactory clinical evolution. Later they were scheduled for definitive surgical closure with total success. Conclusions. The management of an enterocutaneous fistula represents a challenge for the surgeon and the multidisciplinary group that treats these patients. This new technique used in patients with an enterocutaneous fistula with open abdomen Björck 4 is based on the principle of capillarity action, and is effective in controlling contamination, infection, and associated sepsis.

The role of fistuloclysis in the treatment of patients with enteroatmospheric fistulas / O papel da fistuloclise no tratamento de pacientes com fístulas enteroatmosféricas

ABSTRACT Background: Enterocutaneous fistulas represent a connection between the gastrointestinal tract and adjacent tissues. Among them, there is a subdivision - the enteroatmospheric fistulas, in which the origin is the gastrointestinal tract in connection with the external environment through an open wound in the abdomen. Due to the high output in enterocutaneous fistulas, the loss of fluids, electrolytes, minerals and proteins leads to complications such as sepsis, malnutrition and electrolyte derangements. The parenteral nutrition has its secondary risks, and the fistuloclysis, that consist in the infusion of enteral feeding and also the chyme through the distal fistula, represents an alternative to the management of these patients until the definitive surgical approach. Aim: To evaluate the current evidence on the fistuloclysis technique, its applicability, advantages and disadvantages for patients with high output fistulas. Method: A systematic literature search was conducted in May 2020 with the headings "fistuloclysis", "chyme reinfusion" and "succus entericus reinfusion", in the PubMed, Medline and SciELO databases. Results: There were 29 articles selected for the development of this narrative synthesis, from 2003 to 2020, including reviews and case reports. Conclusion: Fistuloclysis is a safe method which optimizes the clinical, nutritional, and immunological conditions of patients with enteroatmospheric fistulas, increasing the chances of success of the reconstructive procedure. In cases where the definitive repair is not possible, chances of reducing or even stopping the use of nutrition through the parental route are increased, thus representing a promising modality for the management of most challenging cases.

RESUMO Racional: As fístulas enterocutâneas representam uma conexão entre o trato gastrointestinal e os tecidos adjacentes. Dentre elas, há uma subdivisão - as fístulas enteroatmosféricas, em que a origem é o trato gastrointestinal em conexão com o meio externo por meio de uma ferida aberta no abdômen. Devido ao alto débito nas fístulas enterocutâneas, a perda de fluidos, eletrólitos, minerais e proteínas levam a complicações como sepse, desnutrição e desequilíbrios eletrolíticos. A nutrição parenteral tem seus riscos secundários, e a fistuloclise, que consiste na infusão de nutrição enteral e também do quimo pela fístula distal, representa uma alternativa no manejo desses pacientes até a abordagem cirúrgica definitiva. Objetivo: Avaliar as evidências atuais sobre a técnica de fistuloclise, sua aplicabilidade, vantagens e desvantagens para pacientes com fístulas de alto débito. Método: Foi realizada uma busca sistemática da literatura em maio de 2020 com os títulos "fistuloclysis", "chyme reinfusion" e "succus entericus reinfusion", nas bases de dados PubMed, Medline e SciELO. Resultados: Foram selecionados 29 artigos para o desenvolvimento desta síntese narrativa, no período de 2003 a 2020, incluindo revisões e relatos de caso. Conclusão: A fistuloclise é um método seguro que otimiza as condições clínicas, nutricionais e imunológicas dos pacientes com fístulas enteroatmosféricas, aumentando as chances de sucesso do procedimento de reconstrução. Nos casos em que o reparo definitivo não é possível, aumentam as chances de reduzir ou mesmo interromper o uso da nutrição pela via parental, representando uma modalidade promissora para o manejo dos casos mais desafiadores.

Tubular enteric duplication presenting as jejuno-colic fistula in a 38 years old adult

Colo-enteric fistula is a rare entity, malignancy being the commonest cause. Both adenocarcinoma and rarely lymphoma have been known to cause it. Benign jejuno-colic fistulas are mostly secondary to tuberculosis or inflammatory bowel disease. Here we present a case of a young adult male, who presented with altered bowel habits. Colonoscopy and oesophago-gastro-duodenoscopy (OGD) revealed a fistulous tract between the proximal jejunum to the splenic flexure of colon. Surgery revealed a small fistulous connection between the above-mentioned parts of the bowel about 1cm long. Histopathology demonstrated it to have all the layers of the intestinal anatomy, hence indicating a possibility of congenital aetiology, probably enteric duplication of communicating tubular variety.

Persistencia simultánea del conducto uraco y onfalomesentérico en un paciente adulto, reporte de caso / Simultaneous persistence of the urachus and vitelline ducts in an adult patient, case report / Persistência simultânea de úraco e do ducto onfalomesentérico em um paciente adulto: relato de caso

Introducción. La patología umbilical es un tema frecuente en el ámbito pediátrico, la presentación clínica de una fístula umbilical hace pensar en dos patologías mencionadas en la literatura de manera independiente; la primera es la persistencia del conducto onfalomesentérico y la segunda es la persistencia del remanente del uraco producto del fracaso en el cierre de las estructuras embrionarias. Su presencia en adultos es infrecuente y no existen datos estadísticos acerca de su presentación conjunta en población pediátrica o adulta, solo algunos pocos reportes de caso. El diagnóstico se basa principalmente en la sospecha clínica, depende en gran manera del examen físico al evidenciar secreción a través del ombligo al realizar esfuerzos o maniobras de Valsalva. Objetivo. Mostrar un caso infrecuente de la presentación simultánea del conducto de uraco y onfalomesentérico en un paciente adulto. Reporte de caso. Paciente femenina de 24 años de edad con antecedentes de infecciones urinarias y celulitis periumbilicales a repetición. Se sospecha un conducto persistente onfalomesentérico por lo que es sometida a un procedimiento quirúrgico en el que se encontró incidentalmente la persistencia simultánea del conducto onfalomesentérico y persistencia del uraco. Discusión. La persistencia del conducto onfalomesentérico o la persistencia del uraco de forma individual es poco frecuente en adultos, y es aún más raro la persistencia simultánea de ambos conductos; la presencia simultánea de ambos conductos es reportada principalmente en menores de dos años. Conclusiones. La persistencia de estos conductos es rara en adultos y representa un reto diagnóstico para el clínico. Cómo citar: Escudero-Sepúlveda AF, Cala-Duran JC, Belén Jurado MB, Pinasco-Gómez R, Tomasone SE, Roccuzzo C, Domínguez-Alvarado GA. Persistencia simultánea del conducto uraco y onfalomesentérico en un paciente adulto, reporte de caso. MedUNAB. 2020;23(2): 288-293. doi: 10.29375/01237047.3826.

Introduction. Umbilical pathology is a common topic in the pediatric sphere. The clinical presentation of an umbilical fistula leads to the consideration of two pathologies independently reported in literature. The first is a persistent vitelline duct and the second is a persistent urachal remnant as a result of the embryonic structures' failure to close. They are uncommon in adults and there are no statistical data about their presentation together in the pediatric or adult population, only very few case reports. The diagnosis is mainly based on clinical suspicion. It largely depends on a physical examination noting secretion through the navel when straining or performing Valsalva maneuvers. Objective. Show an uncommon case of the simultaneous presentation of the urachus and vitelline ducts in an adult patient. Case report. Female patient aged 24 years with a background of repeated urinary tract infections and periumbilical cellulitis. A persistent vitelline duct is suspected. Therefore, the patient is subject to a surgical procedure in which the simultaneous persistence of the vitelline duct and the urachus was found incidentally. Discussion. The persistence of the vitelline duct or the persistence of the urachus individually is uncommon in adults, and the simultaneous persistence of both ducts is even rarer. The simultaneous presence of both ducts is reported mainly in infants aged under two years. Conclusions. The persistence of these ducts is rare in adults and poses a diagnostic challenge for clinicians. Cómo citar: Escudero-Sepúlveda AF, Cala-Duran JC, Belén Jurado MB, Pinasco-Gómez R, Tomasone SE, Roccuzzo C, Domínguez-Alvarado GA. Persistencia simultánea del conducto uraco y onfalomesentérico en un paciente adulto, reporte de caso. MedUNAB. 2020;23(2): 288-293. doi: 10.29375/01237047.3826.

Introdução. A patologia umbilical é um tópico frequente no cenário pediátrico; a apresentação clínica de uma fístula umbilical faz pensar em duas patologias mencionadas na literatura de forma independente; a primeira é a persistência do ducto onfalomesentérico e a segunda é a persistência do úraco como resultado da falha no fechamento das estruturas embrionárias. É pouco frequente sua presença em adultos e não há dados estatísticos sobre sua apresentação conjunta em população pediátrica nem adulta, apenas alguns poucos relatos de caso. O diagnóstico baseia-se principalmente na suspeita clínica, dependendo em grande parte do exame físico ao evidenciar uma secreção pelo umbigo quando realizar esforço ou manobra de Valsalva. Objetivo. Mostrar um caso infrequente de apresentação simultânea do úraco e ducto onfalomesentérico em um paciente adulto. Relato de caso. Paciente do sexo feminino, 24 anos, com histórico de infecções urinárias e celulite periumbilical recorrentes. Suspeita-se de um ducto onfalomesentérico persistente, portanto ela é submetida a um procedimento cirúrgico no qual encontrou-se a persistência do ducto onfalomesentérico e a persistência de úraco simultaneamente. Discussão. A persistência do ducto onfalomesentérico e a persistência de úraco individualmente é rara em adultos, e a persistência simultânea de ambos os ductos é ainda mais rara; esta presença simultânea é relatada principalmente em crianças menores de dois anos de idade. Conclusão. A persistência desses ductos é rara em adultos e representa um desafio diagnóstico para o profissional de saúde clínico. Cómo citar: Escudero-Sepúlveda AF, Cala-Duran JC, Belén Jurado MB, Pinasco-Gómez R, Tomasone SE, Roccuzzo C, Domínguez-Alvarado GA. Persistencia simultánea del conducto uraco y onfalomesentérico en un paciente adulto, reporte de caso. MedUNAB. 2020;23(2): 288-293. doi: 10.29375/01237047.3826.

An overview of the role of exclusive enteral nutrition for complicated Crohn's disease

The role and efficacy of exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) in the treatment of luminal Crohn's disease (CD) has been well established over the last 2 decades. Consequently, in many centers nutritional therapy is now considered first line therapy in the induction of remission of active CD. However, the use of nutritional therapy in complicated CD has yet to be fully determined. This article aimed to review case reports and clinical trials published in the last decade that have considered and evaluated nutritional therapy in the setting of complicated CD in children and adults. Published literature focusing upon the use of nutritional therapy as part of medical therapy in the management of complicated CD were identified and reviewed. Although there continue to be various interventions utilized for complicated CD, the currently available literature demonstrates that nutritional therapies, especially EEN, have important roles in the management of these complex scenarios. Further assessments, involving large numbers of patients managed with consistent approaches, are required to further substantiate these roles.

Enterourachal Fistula as an Initial Presentation in Crohn Disease / 대한소아소화기영양학회지

Crohn disease has a wide spectrum of clinical presentations and rarely can present with complications such as a bowel stricture or fistula. In this case report, we describe a 17-year-old male who presented with a history of recurrent anterior abdominal wall abscesses and dysuria. He was diagnosed with Crohn disease and also found to have a fistulous communication between the terminal ileum and a patent urachus. An ileocecectomy with primary anastomosis and complete resection of the abscess cavity was performed. He is on azathioprine for maintenance therapy and currently in remission. Clinicians should have a high index of suspicion for this complication in Crohn disease patients presenting with symptoms suggestive of urachal anomalies such as suprapubic abdominal pain, dysuria, umbilical discharge, and periumbilical mass.

Non-surgical treatment of acute pancreatitis with colonic fistula / 中华外科杂志

Objective@#To examine the effectiveness of non-operative of colonic fistula following acute pancreatitis.@*Methods@#Retrospective analysis of 354 patients with acute pancreatitis who were admitted to Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery of Chinese People′s Liberation Army General Hospital from January 2013 to December 2018. Age of the patients was (46±14) years (range: 14-85 years); 249 cases (70.3%) were males. There were 41 cases of acute edematous pancreatitis and 313 cases of acute necrotising pancreatitis. Two hundred and fifteen cases were diagnosed as moderate severe acute pancreatitis and 139 were diagnosed as severe acute pancreatitis. Among 313 cases of acute necrotising pancreatitis, 62 cases underwent non-surgical treatment, 251 cases underwent surgical treatment in which 218 of minimal access retroperitoneal pancreatic necrosectomy underwent percutaneous nephroliguectomy with peripancreatic necrotic tissue removal technique.@*Results@#There were 15 cases of colon fistula following acute necrotising pancreatitis, and the incidence rate was 4.2%(15/354). There were 7 males and 8 females, with age of (39±8) years (range: 27 to 50 years). The median interval between acute pancreatitis onset and diagnosis of colonic fistula was 71 days(27-134) days. Two cases occurred at the hepatic flexure of the colon, 4 cases at transverse colon, and 9 cases at splenic flexure of colon. Of the 354 patients, 39 cases died and the mortality was 11.0%. Two patients underwent laparotomy, and one of them died. The remaining 13 patients underwent non-surgical treatment and were discharged.@*Conclusion@#Acute pancreatitis with colonic fistula can be treated with non-surgical treatment and can achieve good prognosis.

Enterovesical fistula caused by ileal primary adenocarcinoma / Fístula enterovesical causada por adenocarcinoma ileal primário

ABSTRACT Introduction: Small bowel neoplasms are rare entities, with only 3.2% of gastrointestinal tumors localized in this segment. Adenocarcinoma is the second most common histologic type among small bowel neoplasms. The disease's symptoms are non-specific, with abdominal pain being the most common. Among the complications, fistulas are a far rare condition. Case report: We present the case of an 86-year-old woman, hypertensive, diabetic, and former smoker, with lower abdominal pain, hematuria, fecaluria and fever associated with weight loss. Upon physical examination presented pale mucous membranes. Magnetic resonance imaging of the abdomen showed parietal thickening in the distal ileum segment with an anterior wall bladder fistula. Absence of metastases. Subjected to transurethral endoscopic biopsy of the bladder lesion, which anatomopathological study was compatible with invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma. An enterectomy was performed with primary enteroanastomosis, associated with partial cystectomy by videolaparoscopy. Anatomopathological study of the surgical specimens concluded mucinous adenocarcinoma with signet ring cells located in the small bowel and bladder. Immunohistochemical exam has identified findings compatible with mucinous adenocarcinoma of origin in the small bowel. The patient evolved well, being discharged, and returned to postoperative follow-up without signs of relapse of the disease. Conclusion: The relative inaccessibility of the small bowel and the malignant neoplasms' non-specific symptoms make an early diagnosis difficult. Discovery of the disease, often only at an advanced stage, results in complications and less effective therapy. The laparoscopic approach might be advantageous and effective in the treatment of advanced small bowel cancer with invasion of adjacent structures.

RESUMO Introdução: As neoplasias do intestino delgado são entidades raras com apenas 3,2% dos tumores gastrointestinais localizando-se neste segmento. O adenocarcinoma é o segundo tipo histológico mais comum entre as neoplasias do intestino delgado. Os sintomas da doença são inespecíficos, sendo a dor abdominal o mais comum, dificultando o diagnóstico precoce. Dentre as complicações, as fistulas são de ocorrência ainda mais rara. Relato de caso: Mulher de 86 anos, hipertensa, diabética e ex-tabagista. Quadro de dor em abdome inferior, hematúria, fecalúria, febre eventual e perda ponderal. Ao exame físico pele e mucosas hipocoradas. Ressonância Magnética de abdome evidenciou espessamento parietal em segmento do íleo distal com fístula para a parede vesical anterior. Ausência de metástases. Submetida à biopsia endoscópica transuretral da lesão vesical, cujo estudo anatomopatológico evidenciou adenocarcinoma mucinoso invasivo. Realizada enterectomia com enteroanastomose primária, associada à cistectomia parcial por videolaparoscopia. Estudo anatomopatológico das peças cirúrgicas concluiu adenocarcinoma mucinoso com células em anel de sinete localizado em intestino delgado e bexiga. A Imunohistoquímica identificou achados compatíveis com adenocarcinoma mucinoso de origem em intestino delgado. A paciente evoluiu bem no pós-operatório, recebendo alta e retornando para seguimento pós-operatório sem sinais de recidiva da doença. Conclusão: A relativa inacessibilidade do intestino delgado e os sintomas inespecíficos das neoplasias malignas deste sítio dificulta o diagnóstico precoce. O reconhecimento da doença, muitas vezes somente em estágio avançado, resulta em complicações e sequelas com terapêutica menos eficaz. A abordagem laparoscópica pode ser vantajosa no tratamento do câncer avançado do intestino delgado com invasão de estruturas adjacentes.

Non-Surgical Management of Gastroduodenal Fistula Caused by Ingested Neodymium Magnets / 대한소아소화기영양학회지

Foreign body ingestions pose a significant health risk in children. Neodymium magnets are high-powered, rare-earth magnets that is a serious issue in the pediatric population due to their strong magnetic force and high rate of complications. When multiple magnets are ingested, there is potential for morbidity and mortality, including gastrointestinal fistula formation, obstruction, bleeding, perforation, and death. Many cases require surgical intervention for removal of the magnets and management of subsequent complications. However, we report a case of multiple magnet ingestion in a 19-month-old child complicated by gastroduodenal fistula that was successfully treated by endoscopic removal and supportive care avoiding the need for surgical intervention. At two-week follow-up, the child was asymptomatic and upper gastrointestinal series obtained six months later demonstrated resolution of the fistula.